The Oxford Handbook of Plato

Gail Fine is Professor Emerita at Cornell University, Visiting Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Oxford University, and Senior Research Fellow at Merton College, Oxford. Her books include The Possibility of Inquiry: Meno's Paradox from Socrates to Sextus (Oxford, 2014), Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays (Oxford, 2003), and On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms (Oxford, 1993). She has also edited Plato I and II for the Oxford Readings in Philosophy series; and has written over 50 articles.

JULIA ANNAS is Regents Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. Her many books include Aristotle's Metaphysics M and N (Clarendon, 1976), An Introduction to Plato's Republic (Clarendon, 1981; 2nd ed., 1984), The Morality of Happiness (Clarendon, 1993), Platonic Ethics Old and New (Cornell University Press, 1999), A Very Short Introduction to Plato (Oxford University Press, 2003), and Virtue and Law in Plato and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2017).

HUGH H. BENSON is Emeritus George Lynn Cross Research Professor, Samuel Roberts Noble Presidential Professor, and former Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oklahoma. He is the editor of Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates (Oxford University Press, 1992) and Blackwell Companion to Plato (Blackwell, 2006), and the author of Socratic Wisdom (Oxford University Press, 2000), Clitophon's Challenge (Oxford University Press, 2015), and various articles on the philosophy of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

CHRISTOPHER BOBONICH is C.I. Lewis Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University. He is the author of Plato's Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics (Clarendon, 2002), as well as of various articles in ancient ethics, political philosophy, and psychology. He is also co-editor (with Pierre Destrée) of Akrasia in Greek Philosophy: From Socrates to Plotinus (Brill, 2007), and editor of Plato's Laws: A Critical Guide (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and of The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 2017).

CHARLES BRITTAIN is Jackman Professor in the Humanities (Ancient Philosophy) at the University of Toronto. He taught previously at Cornell University. He is the author of Philo of Larissa (Clarendon, 2001) and Cicero: On Academic Scepticism (Hackett, 2006); co-translator (with Tad Brennan) of Simplicius: On Epictetus' Handbook (Duckworth, 2002); and co-editor (with Rachel Barney and Tad Brennan) of Plato and the Divided Self (Cambridge University Press, 2012).

LESLEY BROWN is Fellow in Philosophy Emeritus at Somerville College, Oxford. She has published several articles on Plato's Sophist, as well as papers on ancient philosophy of language and on moral and political philosophy in Plato and Aristotle.

LUCA CASTAGNOLI is Associate Professor of Ancient Greek Philosophy in the University of Oxford and Stavros Niarchos Foundation Clarendon Fellow at Oriel College. He is the author of Ancient Self-Refutation (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and of a number of articles on ancient philosophy, especially logic and epistemology.

PAOLO CRIVELLI (MA, University of Florence; Perfezionamento (PhD), Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa) is Ordinary Professor at the University of Geneva. He has also been a lecturer and senior lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, and a Tutorial Fellow at New College, Oxford. He is the author of Aristotle on Truth (Cambridge University Press, 2004), of Plato's Account of Falsehood: A Study of the Sophist (Cambridge University Press, 2012), and of many articles in ancient philosophy.

DANIEL DEVEREUX is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. He has published many articles on Plato and Aristotle, especially on their ethics and metaphysics.

GAIL FINE is Professor of Philosophy Emerita at Cornell University, Senior Research Fellow at Merton College, Oxford, and Visiting Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Oxford. She is the author of On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms (Clarendon, 1993), Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays (Clarendon, 2003), and The Possibility of Inquiry: Meno's Paradox from Socrates to Sextus (Oxford University Press, 2014), and the editor of Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology and of Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul (Oxford University Press, 1999), both in the Oxford Readings in Philosophy series.

VERITY HARTE is George A. Saden Professor of Philosophy and Classics at Yale University. She is the author of Plato on Parts and Wholes: the Metaphysics of Structure (Clarendon, 2002) and of various articles on ancient philosophy. She is also co-editor (with MM McCabe, Robert W. Sharples and Anne Sheppard) of Aristotle and the Stoics Reading Plato (BICS, 2010); (with Melissa Lane) of Politeia in Greek and Roman Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2013); and (with Raphael Woolf) of Rereading Ancient Philosophy: Old Chestnuts and Sacred Cows (Cambridge University Press, 2017).

T. H. IRWIN is Professor of Ancient Philosophy Emeritus in the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Keble College. From 1975 to 2006 he taught at Cornell University. His many books include Plato's Moral Theory: The Early and Middle Dialogues (Clarendon, 1977), Plato's Gorgias (translation and notes) (Clarendon, 1979); Aristotle's First Principles (Clarendon, 1988); Classical Thought (Oxford University Press, 1989); Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (translation and notes) (Hackett, 1999); Plato's Ethics (Oxford University Press, 1995); and The Development of Ethics, 3 vols. (Oxford University Press, 2007-2009).

THOMAS K. JOHANSEN is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oslo. He previously taught at the University of Oxford, the University of Edinburgh, and Bristol University. He is the author of Aristotle on the Sense-Organs (Cambridge University Press, 1998), Plato's Natural Philosophy: A Study of the Timaeus-Critias (Cambridge University Press, 2004), and Powers of Aristotle's Soul (Oxford University Press, 2012).

RACHANA KAMTEKAR is Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University. She has previously taught at the University of Arizona, the University of Michigan, and Williams College. She has published articles on ancient ethics, psychology, and politics, as well as contemporary moral psychology. She is the editor of Critical Essays on Plato's Euthyphro, Apology and Crito (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), and of Virtue and Happiness: Essays in Honour of Julia Annas (Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, supplementary vol. 2012), and the co-editor (with Sara Ahbel-Rappe) of The Blackwell Companion to Socrates (Blackwell, 2006). She is also the author of Plato's Moral Psychology: Intellectualism, the Divided Soul, and the Desire for Good (Oxford University Press, 2017),

RICHARD KRAUT is Charles and Emma Morrison Professor in the Humanities at Northwestern University. His many books include Socrates and the State (Princeton University Press, 1984), Aristotle on the Human Good (Princeton University Press, 1989), Aristotle Politics Books VII and VIII, translation with commentary (Clarendon, 1997), Aristotle: Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2002), What Is Good and Why: The Ethics of Well-Being (Harvard University Press, 2007), and Against Absolute Goodness (Oxford University Press, 2011). He also edited The Cambridge Companion to Plato (Cambridge University Press, 1992), Critical Essays on Plato's Republic (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), and The Blackwell Guide to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Blackwell, 2006).

MI-KYOUNG LEE is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She is the author of Epistemology after Protagoras: Responses to Relativism in Plato, Aristotle, and Democritus (Oxford University Press, 2005), and the editor of Strategies of Argument: Essays in Ancient Ethics, Epistemology, and Logic (Oxford University Press, 2014).

HENDRIK LORENZ is Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University. He is the author of The Brute Within: Appetitive Desire in Plato and Aristotle (Clarendon, 2006) and of several articles on Plato and Aristotle.

LINDSAY JUDSON is Associate Professor of Philosophy in the University of Oxford and an Official Student of Christ Church. He is the General Editor of the Clarendon Aristotle Series and of Oxford Aristotle Studies. He is the author of Aristotle: Metaphysics Theta: A Translation and Commentary (Clarendon, 2018), the editor of Aristotle's Physics: A Collection of Essays (Clarendon, 1991), and the co-editor (with Vassilis Karasmanis) of Remembering Socrates: Philosophical Essays (Clarendon, 2006). He is currently working on a book on Plato's Euthyphro.

GARETH B. MATTHEWS was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst from 1969-2005, and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst from 2005 until his death in 2011. He previously taught at the University of Virginia and the University of Minnesota. He is the author of Thought's Ego: Augustine and Descartes (Blackwell, 1992), Socratic Perplexity and the Nature of Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1999), and Augustine (Wiley, 2005).

MARY MARGARET MCCABE is Professor of Ancient Philosophy Emerita at King's College London. She is the author of Plato's Individuals (Princeton University Press, 1994), Plato and His Predecessors: The Dramatisation of Reason (Cambridge University Press, 1996) and Platonic Conversations (Oxford University Press, 2015). She is co-editor (with C. Gill) of Form and Argument in Late Plato (Oxford University Press, 1996) and (with Verity Harte, Robert W. Sharples and Anne Sheppard) of Aristotle and the Stoics Reading Plato (BICS, 2010). She is also the general editor of the series Cambridge Studies in the Dialogues of Plato.

CONSTANCE C. MEINWALD is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She is the author of Plato's Parmenides (Oxford University Press, 1991) and of Plato (Routledge, 2016), as well as of a number of articles on ancient philosophy.

Susan Sauvé Meyer is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. Educated at the University of Toronto (B.A. 1982) and Cornell University (Ph.D. 1987), she taught at Harvard University before joining the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. She is the author of Aristotle on Moral Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 1993; reissued in 2011), Ancient Ethics (Routledge, 2008), and Plato: Laws 1 and 2 in the Clarendon Plato Series (2015). She is currently an editor of the journal Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie.

SANDRA PETERSON is retired from her position as Professor of Philosophy at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. She is the author of Socrates and Philosophy in the Dialogues of Plato (Cambridge University Press, 2011) and of several articles on ancient philosophy. Her essay on the Parmenides for this volume is her seventh essay on that dialogue.

David Sedley (born 1947; BA Trinity College Oxford, 1969; Ph.D. University College London, 1974) taught 1975-2014 at the University of Cambridge, where he was Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy from 2000 and remains a Fellow of Christ's College. He has edited The Classical Quarterly (1986-1992) and Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (1998-2007). His books include Plato's Cratylus (Cambridge University Press, 2003), The Midwife of Platonism: Text and Subtext in Plato's Theaetetus (Oxford University Press, 2004), and Creationism and its Critics in Antiquity (University of California Press, 2007).

MALCOM SCHOFIELD is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, where he taught in the Classics Faculty for close on 40 years. He is a Fellow of St John's, and a Fellow of the British Academy. He has worked in many areas of the subject, mostly over the last two or three decades ancient political philosophy, where with Christopher Rowe he co-edited The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2000). He is the author of Plato: Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2006). He is currently working on Cicero's political philosophy.

DOMINIC SCOTT is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Lady Margaret Hall. He previously taught at Cambridge University and the University of Virginia. He is the author of Recollection and Experience: Plato's Theory of Learning and Its Successors (Cambridge University Press, 1995), Plato's Meno (Cambridge University Press, 2006), and Levels of Argument: A Comparative Study of Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Oxford University Press, 2015), and the editor of Maieusis: Essays in Honour of Myles Burnyeat (Oxford University Press, 2007) and of The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter, by Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (Oxford University Press, 2015).

CHRISTOPHER SHIELDS is Shuster Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and an Honorary Research Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford. He is the author of Order in Multiplicity: Homonymy in the Philosophy of Aristotle (Oxford University Press, 1999), Classical Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 2003), Aristotle (Routledge, 2007), Ancient Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 2011), with Robert Pasnau, The Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas (Westview, 2003; 2nd rev. ed. Oxford University Press, 2015), and Aristotle's De Anima, Translated with Introduction and Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2016). He is the editor of The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy (Blackwell, 2002), The Oxford Handbook of Aristotle (Oxford University Press, 2012), and general editor (with Becko Copenhaver) of the six volume The History of the Philosophy of Mind (Routledge, 2018).

C. C. W. TAYLOR is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy in the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Corpus Christi College. He is the author of Plato, Protagoras, translated with notes (Clarendon, 1976, 2nd ed. 1991); The Greeks on Pleasure (with J. C. B. Gosling) (Clarendon, 1982); Socrates (Oxford University Press, 1998); The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus:Fragments, a text and translation with a commentary (University of Toronto Press, 1999), Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics II-IV, translated with commentary (Clarendon, 2006), and Pleasure, Mind and Soul Selected Papers in Ancient Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2008). His translation of S. Luria's edition of the fragments and testimonia of Democritus is available online at

JAMES WARREN is Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Corpus Christi College. He is the author of Epicurus and Democritean Ethics: An Archaeology of Ataraxia (Cambridge University Press, 2002), Facing Death: Epicurus and his Critics (Oxford University Press, 2004), Presocratics (Routledge, 2007), The Pleasures of Reason in Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic Hedonists (Cambridge University Press, 2014); the editor of The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism (Cambridge University Press, 2009); and the co-editor (with Frisbee Sheffield) The Routledge Companion to Ancient Philosophy (Routledge, 2014).